Difference between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Introduction

In 1674 the classification of microbes was started with the invention of light microscope.
Today it is a discipline which is based on the increasingly complex criteria.
The first phylogenetic trees of life was constructed on the concept of just two kingdom’s: Plantae and Animalia.
A German naturalist Ernest Haeckel in 1844 proposed that the bacteria, algae, Fungi and protozoa that lacks the tissue differentiation and be separated in a third kingdom protista and removed from the plant and animal kingdom’s.
Prokaryotic cells are very simple, small in sizes however eukaryotic cells are very complicated, little larger structure and are present in trillions which might be single celled or multicellular.

This resulted within the division of those organisms into two groups:

Prokaryotic: pro- “old” and karyon- “nucleus”.
This type of cells does not have nucleus.
Most primitive type of cells.
There are important to mankind in many aspects like they are utilized in fermentation research works, etc.

Generalised structure of prokaryotic cell consists of the following:

The general structure of eukaryotic cells is:

Nucleus
Cytoplasm
- Mitochondria
- Chloroplast
- Golgi apparatus
- Endoplasmic reticulum
Appendages
Surface structure
Cell wall
Cytoplasmic membrane
Ribosome
Cytoskeleton

Features	Prokaryotic cells	Eukaryotic cells
Example	Bacteria	Algae, fungi, protozoa, plants and animals
Size range	1-2 by 1-4 micrometers or less	More than 5 micrometers in width or diameter
Nature of cell	Unicellular	Multicellular
Genetic system location	Nucleoid, Chromatin body , or nuclear material	Nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast
Nucleus (structure)	Not bounded by nuclear membrane	Membrane bound
Nucleolus	Absent	Present
Histone Protein	Absent	Present
Sexual reproduction	Zygote nature is merozygotic (partial diploid)	Zygote is diploid
Cell division	Binary fission	Mitosis
Cytoplasmic streaming	Absent	Present
Pinocytosis	Absent	Present
Gas vacuoles	Can be present	Absent
Mesosome	Present	Absent
Ribosome	70s , distributed in the cytoplasm	80s, in endoplasmic; 70s, in mitochondria and Chloroplast
Mitochondria	Absent	Present
Chloroplast	Absent	May be present
Golgi structure	Absent	Present
Endoplasmic reticulum	Absent	Present
Membrane – bound (True vacuoles)	Absent	Present
Cytoplasmic membrane	Sterols is absent: carry out respiratory and photosynthesis	Sterols present: do not carry out respiration and photosynthesis.
Cell wall	Present, usually made up of Peptidoglycan (Murein or mucopeptide)	Only in plant cells and fungi.
Locomotor organelles	Simple fibril	Multi fibrilled with “9+2” microtubules
Pseudopodia	Absent	Present in some
DNA base ratios as moles% of guanine + cytosin (G+C)%	28-73	About 40
Shape of DNA	Circular	Linear
Transcription and translation	Occurs together	Transcription in nucleus & Translation in cytoplasm

1% – https://textarchive.ru/c-1198745-pall.html
1% – https://coolgyan.org/biology/prokaryotic-and-eukaryotic-cells/index.htm
1% – https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Manchester_Community_College_(MCC)/The_Introduct
ion_to_Microbiology_(Cases)/05%3A_The_Eukaryotes_of_Microbiology/5.01%3A_Unique
_Characteristics_of_Eukaryotic_Cells
2% – https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Prakash_Bisen/publication/263806602_Handbook_
of_Microbiology/links/559532f408ae5d8f392faf64?origin=publication_list
1% – https://microbiologynotes.com/differences-between-prokaryotic-and-eukaryotic-cells/
1% – https://microbeonline.com/differences-prokaryotic-eucaryotic-cells/