Phagocytosis – Introduction and Mechanisms A significant defense mechanism of the innate system. Phagocytosis: Process of ingestion and digestion of the extracellular particulate material by phagocytic cells. Extracellular particulate includes …
Cytokines-Introduction, Properties, and Functions Introduction The word cytokines are derived from the Greek word, ‘cyto’ refers to cells, and ‘kinos’ refers to movement. Cytokines are a group of proteins, which …
Inflammation- Process, Factors, and Anti-Inflammatory agents Introduction Inflammation is an intricate response to various stimuli which includes local trauma, wound, or infections. Several mediators such as chemokines, cytokines, and immune …
ELISA – Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays Introduction Immunoassays are bioanalytical methods, used to detect antigen-antibody specific reactions and provide qualitative /quantitative analysis in biological samples. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, commonly known as …
Vaccines: Definition, Types & Functions Definition Vaccines are substances that prepare the immune system to recognize and respond to a pathogen (antigen), resulting in protection (immunity) to that pathogen. Vaccines …
Antigen-Antibody Reactions Antigens-antibody, is a combination with each other, specifically and in an observable manner. Uses of Antigens and antibodies The reactions between antigens and antibodies have several purposes: In …
CRISPR-Cas9 Gene editing tool Creature or Creator? A Crack in Creation: Gene Editing and the Unthinkable Power to Control Evolution Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), which contains the blueprint for constructing a …
Innate Immunity Vertebrates are protected by both innate immunity and adaptive immunity. In contrast to adaptive immune responses, which take days to arise following exposure to antigens, innate immunity consists …
Tissue Transplantation Rejection Transplants between genetically different individuals within a species are termed allografts (Greek allos, other). Some transplanted tissues do not stimulate an immune response. For example, a transplanted …
Immunoglobulin Structure Introduction to Immunoglobulin All immunoglobulin molecules have a basic structure composed of four polypeptide chains. Two identical heavy chains. Two identical light chains. Light-chain polypeptide mainly consists of …