Tissue Transplantation Rejection
Overview Tissue transplantation (or grafting) involves transferring cells, tissues, or organs from one individual (donor) to another (recipient). The recipient’s …
Immunology
Immunology is the branch of biomedical science that deals with the immune system—how the body defends itself against infections, recognizes foreign substances, and maintains internal balance. It plays a vital role in health, disease prevention, vaccination, and autoimmune conditions. Immunology is the scientific study of the immune system, including its structure, function, disorders, and role in protection against pathogens like bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.
Immunoglobulin: Introduction, Structure and function
Introduction to Immunoglobulin All immunoglobulin molecules have a basic structure composed of four polypeptide chains. Two identical heavy chains. Two …
Agglutination reaction: Definition, Uses and Application
Definition Agglutination is an antigen-antibody reaction in which particulate antigens (e.g., cells, bacteria, or latex beads) clump together in the …
Granulocytes: Introduction, Types, Functions and Roles
Introduction Granulocytes are at the front lines of attack during an immune response and are considered part of the innate …
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC): introduction, types and differences
Introduction The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) is a set of genes that code for cell surface proteins essential for the …
Hypersensitivity Reactions
Introduction Hypersensitivity reactions are exaggerated or inappropriate immune responses to an antigen that lead to tissue damage. These responses are …
Antibody or Immunoglobulin
Introduction Antibodies, also called immunoglobulins (Ig), are glycoproteins produced by B lymphocytes (plasma cells) in response to antigens. They play …
Overview of an antimicrobial agents
Introduction Various types of infections and diseases could also be caused by various types of organism such as fungi, bacteria, …