Apoptosis: Introduction, Regulators, Caspases and Apoptotic pathways
Introduction In multicellular organisms, growth, development, and maintenance depends not only on the production of cells but it also depends …
Immunology
Immunology is the branch of biomedical science that deals with the immune system—how the body defends itself against infections, recognizes foreign substances, and maintains internal balance. It plays a vital role in health, disease prevention, vaccination, and autoimmune conditions. Immunology is the scientific study of the immune system, including its structure, function, disorders, and role in protection against pathogens like bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.
Immunoglobulin Classes: IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD and IgE
Immunoglobulin Classes Immunoglobulins provide a structural and chemical concept. All antibodies are immunoglobulins, but all immunoglobulins may not be antibodies. …
Phagocytosis-Introduction and Mechanisms
Introduction A significant defense mechanism of the innate system. Phagocytosis: Process of ingestion and digestion of the extracellular particulate material …
Cytokines-Introduction, Properties, and Functions
Introduction The word cytokines are derived from the Greek word, ‘cyto’ refers to cells, and ‘kinos’ refers to movement. Cytokines …
Inflammation-Process, Factors, and Anti-Inflammatory agents
Introduction Inflammation is an intricate response to various stimuli which includes local trauma, wound, or infections. Several mediators such as …
ELISA- Principle, Types, Uses, Advantages and Disadvantages
Introduction ELISA is a biochemical technique used primarily to detect the presence of antigens or antibodies in a sample. It …
Vaccines: Definition, Types & Functions
Definition Vaccines are substances that prepare the immune system to recognize and respond to a pathogen (antigen), resulting in protection …
Antigen-Antibody Reactions: Uses, Stages and Features
Introduction Antigen-antibody reactions are specific immune responses where an antibody binds to an antigen (a foreign molecule, typically on pathogens …
CRISPR-Cas9 Gene editing tool: Introduction, Principles, Uses & Applications
CRISPR-Cas9 – Gene Editing Tool Overview CRISPR-Cas9 (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats–CRISPR-associated protein 9) is a revolutionary genome editing …
Innate Immunity: Description, Functions and Facts
Innate Immunity – First Line of Defense Innate immunity is the first and immediate line of defense against pathogens. It …