Immunology is the branch of biomedical science that deals with the immune system—how the body defends itself against infections, recognizes foreign substances, and maintains internal balance. It plays a vital role in health, disease prevention, vaccination, and autoimmune conditions. Immunology is the scientific study of the immune system, including its structure, function, disorders, and role in protection against pathogens like bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.
Apoptosis Topics to be covered Introduction Two forms of cell death Regulators of apoptosis Caspases Apoptotic pathways Introduction In multicellular organisms, growth, development, and maintenance depends not only on the …
Immunoglobulin Classes: IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD and IgE Immunoglobulin Classes Immunoglobulins provide a structural and chemical concept. All antibodies are immunoglobulins, but all immunoglobulins may not be antibodies. Human serum …
Phagocytosis – Introduction and Mechanisms A significant defense mechanism of the innate system. Phagocytosis: Process of ingestion and digestion of the extracellular particulate material by phagocytic cells. Extracellular particulate includes …
Cytokines-Introduction, Properties, and Functions Introduction The word cytokines are derived from the Greek word, ‘cyto’ refers to cells, and ‘kinos’ refers to movement. Cytokines are a group of proteins, which …
Inflammation- Process, Factors, and Anti-Inflammatory agents Introduction Inflammation is an intricate response to various stimuli which includes local trauma, wound, or infections. Several mediators such as chemokines, cytokines, and immune …
ELISA – Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays Introduction Immunoassays are bioanalytical methods, used to detect antigen-antibody specific reactions and provide qualitative /quantitative analysis in biological samples. Researchers use enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, commonly …
Vaccines: Definition, Types & Functions Definition Vaccines are substances that prepare the immune system to recognize and respond to a pathogen (antigen), resulting in protection (immunity) to that pathogen. Vaccines …
Antigen-Antibody Reactions Antigens-antibody, is a combination with each other, specifically and in an observable manner. Uses of Antigens and antibodies The reactions between antigens and antibodies have several purposes: In …
CRISPR-Cas9 Gene editing tool Creature or Creator? A Crack in Creation: Gene Editing and the Unthinkable Power to Control Evolution Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), which contains the blueprint for constructing a …
Innate Immunity Vertebrates are protected by both innate immunity and adaptive immunity. In contrast to adaptive immune responses, which take days to arise following exposure to antigens, innate immunity consists …