Southern Blotting Another problem early biotechnologists faced was the inability to distinguish the fragment of DNA possessing the gene of interest from the numerous chromosomal fragments produced by restriction enzyme digestion of an organism’s genome. In 1975
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Scanning electron microscopy INTRODUCTION A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is a type of electron microscope that produces images of a sample by scanning the surface with a focused beam of electrons. The electrons interact with
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Chickenpox (Varicella) and Shingles (Herpes Zoster) Chickenpox (varicella) is a highly contagious skin disease primarily of children two to seven years of age. Humans are the reservoir and the source for this virus, which is
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Polymerase Chain Reaction The polymerase chain reaction (PCR), invented by Kary Mullis in the early 1980s, exploded onto the biotechnology landscape. It changed the way genes are cloned, nucleic acids sequenced, diseases diagnosed, and crimes
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DNA replication in prokaryotes DNA replication is an extraordinarily important and complex process upon which all life depends. During DNA replication, the two strands of the double helix are separated; each then serves as a
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Western blotting Western blotting is a method or technique of transferring proteins, DNA or RNA, onto a carrier (for example- a nitrocellulose, PVDF or nylon membrane). There are 3 types of blotting techniques: Northern blotting is used for the
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Planktonic and benthic microorganisms Introduction Freshwater organisms can be divided into two main groups, according to where they spend the major part of their growth phase pelagic organisms (present in the main body of water)
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Milk: Composition, Processing, Pasteurization, Milk-Borne Pathogens and Spoilage Milk is used throughout the world as a human food from a number of different mammals. Milk is a liquid secreted by female mammary glands to feed
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Dodder Introduction Dodder is parasitic higher plants belongs to cuscuta spp. Dodder is widely distributed in the Americas, Europe, Africa, southern Asia, and Australia. Crops that suffer losses from dodder includes onions, sugar beets, several
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